6/27 Nitrogen Gas Packaging

Many consumers are complaining that these snack bags are excessively slack-filled.

* excessively: 지나치게, 과도하게

ex> Try not to drink excessively tonight.

* slack-fill: 느슨히 담다

* bag of snacks: 과자 봉지

I bought a bag of nitrogen gas and they threw in the snacks!

* throw in: 덤으로 주다, 곁들이다

ex> I’m going to throw in this mouse pad!

ex> You can have the piano for $200, and I'll throw in the stool as well.

I’m sure those confectionery companies aren't trying to shortchange you.

* shortchange: 속이다, 잔돈을 모자라게 주다

ex> He feels he’s been shortchanged by his employer.

* confectionery: 과자류, 단 음식

Those snack bags are filled by weight, not volume.

* volume: 부피, 용량, 분량

ex> We measure these items by volume.

Why do they put nitrogen gas in the first place?

* in the first place: 우선, 처음부터

ex> You shouldn’t have said that in the first place.

ex> I still don't understand why you chose that name in the first place.

The gas is added to keep the snacks from being crushed.

* crush: 눌러 부수다, 으깨다

ex> The cake got crushed on the way here.

@ I feel like I've been screwed over!  골탕 먹는 느낌이야!

ex> It was fun to him to screw over her.

1. Sometimes, I tend to work out excessively.

2. I bought this jacket and they threw in the scarf for free!

3. Don’t even think about shortchanging me.

4. You should never have gone there in the first place.

Talk about nitrogen gas packing.

It happens all the time!

You open your favorite bag of snacks and find a little bit of snacks and lots of air, maybe too much air.

Many consumers are complaining that these snack bags are excessively slack-filled.

Someone cynically told me, “I bought a bag of nitrogen gas and they threw in the snacks!”

I’m sure those confectionery companies aren't trying to shortchange you or anything like that.

Those snack bags are filled by weight, not volume.

But why do they put nitrogen gas in the first place?

The gas is added to keep the snacks from being crushed.

Moreover, nitrogen gas keeps your snacks fresh longer.

PE 6/26 Breakfast Surprise

1. have a hankering for: ~이 당기다, ~을 원하다
ex> I have a hankering for a Dodger Dog.
ex> What do you have a hankering for tonight?

2. one's mouth waters for: ~이 먹고 싶어 군침이 돌다
ex> When I smelled the sauce, my mouth started watering for good Italian food.

3. dead sure: 정말 확실한, 장담할 수 있는
ex> When they asked if I was sure, I looked them in the eye and said, "dead sure"

* juicy: 육즙이 많은
* exotic: 이국적인
* hearty [^|hɑ:rti]: (마음이) 따뜻한, 다정한, 푸짐한
  ex> to have a hearty appetite
  ex> a hearty welcome

6/26 Quiz Time

I felt so sad when I heard the news of his passing.
* passing: 죽음, 소멸
ex> After her father’s passing, she decided to sell the house.
* pass away: 사망하다, 돌아가시다

According to the autopsy report, the cause of his death was acute intoxication of this drug, which caused him to stop breathing.
* acute: 급성의
ex> He was diagnosed with acute appendicitis.
* autopsy: 부검

This powerful drug is administered intravenously in hospitals.
* administer: 투여하다, 집행하다
ex> The doctor administered painkillers to the patient.

It is nicknamed “milk of amnesia” because it looks like milk.
* nickname: 별명을 붙이다
ex> I nicknamed her “Bonbon” because she loves sweets.

This drug has been associated with cardiac arrest.
* be associated with: ~와 관련되다
ex> Smoking is associated with lung cancer.

Despite its serious side effects, an increasing number of people are abusing this drug.
* abuse: 남용하다, 학대하다
ex> He’s been abusing alcohol for a long time.
ex> She was indicted for abusing her five-year-old boy.
cf> indict [ɪn^|daɪt]: to officially charged with it, 기소하다   ex> The senator was indicted for murder.


@ Actions always have consequences! 행동엔 언제나 결과가 따르는 거야!

1. His passing was announced publicly this morning.

2. She quickly administered an IV fluid to the patient.

3. This car was nicknamed “Gas Guzzler.”

4. He should stop abusing his position as CEO.


Do you think you can ID this?

I remember it like it was yesterday.

The King of Pop, Michael Jackson passed away on June 25, 2009.

I felt so sad when I heard the news of his passing.

According to the autopsy report, the cause of his death was acute intoxication of this drug, which caused him to stop breathing.

This powerful drug is administered intravenously in hospitals to put people into general anesthesia.

It is nicknamed “milk of amnesia” because it looks like milk.

This drug has been associated with cardiac arrest.

Despite its serious side effects, and increasing number of people are abusing this drug because it is known to induce a sense of euphoria.


** Propofol is very effective medicine in endoscopy as well as surgery. It quickly induce to sleep when administered intravenously. I also use propofol for the patient who undergo endoscopy. 
Some celebrities make it worse abusing it recklessly. 

PE 6/25 Adele Interview, Part 4, "Collaboration and Compliments"

1. climb over each other: 서로 싸우다, 서로 경쟁하다
ex> People were climbing over each other to volunteer for the internship.

2. beat down one's door: ~의 환심을 사다
ex> When I was younger, employers used to beat down my door with offers of work.
ex> It's funny how politicians will beat down your door to get your vote, and then you never see them again.

3. do lunch: 점심을 같이하다
ex> I'd like to do lunch with your to go over the basic terms of the contract.
ex> Nice to see you! We should do lunch sometime.

* all over the map: 전 세계에서

6/25 The Korean War

Talk about the Korean War.

The following saying may answer that question.
* following: 뒤에 나오는, 다음에 나오는
ex> I want you to refer to the following examples.

Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.
* doom: ~할 운명에 처해 있다
ex> I have a feeling that she’s doomed to be single forever.
ex> He was doomed to fail.

We must not forget our history so that a tragedy like this never happens again.
* tragedy: 비극 = calamity, catastrophe
ex> The bombing at the Boston Marathon was a terrible tragedy.

The Korean War is referred to as the six-two-five upheaval.
* upheaval [ʌp^|hi:vl] : 사변, 격변, 대변동
ex> The Korean War is referred to as the six-two-five upheaval.

It commenced on June 25, 1950.
* commence: 시작되다, 개시하다  = to start
ex> Our workshop will commence with a short presentation.

Unfortunately, we paid a heavy price.
* pay a price: 대가를 치르다
ex> You’re going to have to pay a price.
ex> North Korea will pay a price for their nuclear tests.


@ Let’s have a moment of silence for them. 그들을 위해 묵념의 시간을 갖자.

1. The following companies are our sponsors.

2. The game was doomed to failure from the beginning.

3. The festivities will commence this weekend.

4. Who do you think is going to pay a price for that?

Talk about the Korean War.

Why do we study history? The following saying may answer that question: “Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.”

We must not forget our history so that a tragedy like the Korean War never happens again.

In Korea, the Korean War is referred to as the six-two-five upheaval or yook-i-oh-sa-byunbecause it commenced on June 25, 1950.

There were complex causes for this appalling event.

One of the most important causes of the Korean War was the Cold War.

A political and ideological conflict between the Soviet Union and the United Stated played a decisive role in dividing Korea.

Unfortunately, we paid a heavy price.

6/24 108 Bows

Talk about 108 bows.

Bowing in Buddhism is a meditative practice that encourages self-reflection and concentration.
* encourage: 격려하다, 권장하다, 조장하다
ex> The government encouraged its citizens to conserve electricity.
* meditative: 묵상적인, 명상적인
* self-reflection: 자기 반성

Bowing 108 times is not an easy thing to do.
* not an easy thing to: ~하기 쉽지 않은 일
ex> A gambling problem is not an easy thing to deal with.

However, the practice of 108 bows is catching on.
* catch on: 유행하다, 인기를 얻다
ex> Their smartphones never really caught on.

More and more people are doing 108 bows for exercise.
* more and more: 점점 더, 더욱 많은
ex> More and more students are tuning into EBS FM.

This exercise is said to improve your health by strengthening the body.
* strengthen: 강화하다, 보강하다
ex> I need to strengthen my back muscles.

It increases concentration and creates a feeling of calmness and overall well-being.
* overall: 전반적인, 
ex> Overall, your presentation was a success.


@ It’s easy when you get the hang of it. 익숙해지면 쉬워.

1. His story will encourage other people.
2. Studying English is not an easy thing to do.
3. These electronic cigarettes are really catching on.
4. She was happy with her overall performance.

Talk about 108 bows.

Bowing in Buddhism is a meditative practice that encourages self-reflection and concentration.

Many Buddhists often practice 108 bows.

I know what you’re thinking.

Yes, bowing 108 times is not an easy thing to do.

However, the practice of 108 bows is catching on.

More and more people are doing 108 bows for exercise.

Someone told me even some Catholic priests are doing 108 bows.

This exercise is said to improve your health by strengthening the body and increasing circulation.

Moreover, it has emotional benefits.

It increases concentration and creates a feeling of calmness and overall well-being.

PE 6/21 Brains over Beauty

1. check out: 쳐다보다, 관심 있게 보다
ex> I think that guy is checking you out!
ex> It is very embarrassing to be noticed checking out a person.

2. on a level playing field: 경쟁의 기회가 공평한
ex> I don't feel that we are operating on a level playing field.
ex> We believe that public and private sectors should be on a level playing field.

3. ruffle a few feathers: 심기를 불편하게 하다, 신경을 건드리다
ex> Your attitude is going to ruffle a few feathers.

* shapely: 몸매가 균형잡힌
* earning potential: 잠재적인 소득
* hard-wired: 선천적인, 뿌리 박힌

6/21 CC Cream

What is CC Cream?

My sister called and asked me to pick up some CC cream.
* pick up: ~을 사다, 익히다, 얻다
ex> I picked this up on the way home today.

What in the world is that?
* in the world: 도대체, 이 세상에 = on earth, the heck
ex> How in the world did you do that?

It's not that pricey.
* pricey: 비싼
ex> I think this car is a little pricey.

So I quickly looked it up on my smartphone.
* look up: 찾아보다, 검색하다
ex> Why don't you look it up in the dictionary?

On top of all the skincare benefits, it is also known to provide more effective skin coverage.
* on top of: ~뿐 아니라, ~외에
ex> On top of that, he didn't pay for the meal.
* coverage: 범위, 가림

As the name suggests, its main function is to offer color correction.
* as the name suggests:  그 이름에서 알 수 있듯이

CC cream is said to cover uneven skin tones effectively.
* uneven: 고르지 않은, 평평하지 않은
ex> My dog's breathing is uneven.


@ I just bought a day planner.  다이어리 샀어.

1. My mom asked me to pick up a carton of milk.
2. How in the world do you know her?
3. You have to look that up on the Internet.
4. On top of being beautiful, she has a great personality.

PE 6/20 Pearl Harbor Memorial

1. smack dab: 바로, 확실히, 정확히
ex> Why are you always smack dab in the middle of every problem in the office?
ex> I grew up on a farm smack dab in the middle of the state.

2. be creeped out: to make sb feel frightened and not safe, 소름 끼치다
ex> Seeing a girl with those colored contact lenses always creeps me out.
ex> I was a little creeped out by their first video.

3. a fighting chance: 성공 가능성
ex> Unless we can improve the battery life, our product won't have a fighting chance.
ex> This medicine should give your boy a fighting chance to beat this infection.
ex> With five minutes of the game left, our team still has a fighting chance of winning.

* in vain: 헛되이
* aviator: 비행사

6/20 Intellectual Property

Talk about intellectual property

Every time you hear a famous song on a TV ad, the owner gets paid for it. 

* get paid: 봉급을 받다, 돈을 받다

ex> The salesman gets paid every time you buy a suit from him.

Owners of intellectual property are granted rights to it.

* intellectual property (IP): 지적 재산

* grant: 인정하다, 허가하다, 승인하다

ex> She's been granted the car and kids by the divorce court.

ex> I've been granted with a scholarship!

Although their asset is intangible, it is given the same protection under the law.

* intangible: 무형의, 만질 수 없는

ex> Love and emotions are intangible things.

ex> The old building had an intangible air of sadness about it. 

Most cases you hear about IP are patent infringement. 

* most cases: 대부분의 경우

ex> Most cases of child abuse come from within the family or friends.

* infringement: to break a law or rule   

ex> The material can be copied without infringing copyright. 

But there are greater concerns about intellectual property down the line. 

* down the line: 따라서, 나중에

ex> How are you going to manage this problem down the line? 

ex> You need to think about profits down the line.

Expanding fields such as biotechnology and nanotechnology call for more and better regulation.

* call for: ~요구하다, ~을 필요로 하다

ex> The committee is going to call for a re-election.

Governments around the world are trying to address the issue with regulations.

* address: 다루다, 고심하다

ex> Your essay does not address the real issues.

@ But don't hold me to it.  근데 난 들은 얘기 일 뿐이야.

= Don't take my word for it

1. You've been granted the project!

2. What happens in most cases?

3. She needs to think further down the line, when her parents are gone. 

4. The opposition party is going to call for a hearing on the issue. 

@ Related Issues>> http://endoscopist-myenglishstudy.blogspot.kr/2012/03/31-intellectual-property-rights.html

PE 6/19 Hanging Out

1. take a load off: 잠시 쉬다 = sit back and relax
ex> Hi Joe! Sit down here beside me and take a load off!

2. time and (time) again: 몇 번이고, 반복해서 = over and over again
ex> My father watched younger and less able men be promoted instead of him time and again, but he never complained.

3. slog through: ~을 묵묵히 계속하다, to work hard and steadily at sth, esp a boring or difficult task, for a long time
ex> We spent all night slogging through all the old financial records to find this receipt.
ex> I seem to have been slogging through this book for weeks.

PE 6/18 Adele Interview, Part 3, "On Motherhood"

1. on top of everything else: 설상가상으로, 이 모든 것에 더해서
ex> Today I had a flat tire, my shoe-heel broke while I was fixing it, and on top of everything else, it rained!

2. fixated on: ~에 집중해 있는, 꽂혀 있는 = infatuated with
ex> My son is fixated on an older girl in his school. She is all he thinks about.

3. pop over to: ~에 잠시 들르다
ex> Why don't we pop over to my house to eat lunch instead of paying for a meal?
ex> I'll pop over and see you this evening.

* nursery rhyme: 동요

6/19 Facial Flushing

It's about an unpopular high school teacher who blushes easily.
* blush [blʌʃ] : 얼굴을 붉히다, 얼굴이 빨개지다
ex> He always blushes when I compliment him.
ex> to blush with embarrassment / shame

She is infatuated with one of her colleagues.
* be infatuated with [ɪn^|fӕtʃueɪtɪd]: ~에 반해 있다. 열중하다
ex> I was totally infatuated with her.
ex> He was infatuated with gambling.

She has a severe case of flushing.
* severe case of: ~의 심한 증상, 심한 사례
ex> I have a severe case of flu.

Flushing is the involuntary reddening of the face usually caused by embarrassment.
* involuntary: 무의식적인, 자기도 모르게 하는
ex> Breathing is an involuntary process.

Facial flushing occurs when the blood vessels under the surface of the skin dilate.
* dilate [daɪleɪt]: 확장하다, 팽창하다
ex> Her eyes dilated when she saw him.

A flushed face is usually momentary.
* momentary: 순간의, 순간적인 = transient, temporary
ex> I think that is just a momentary problem.


@ I wanted to sink through the floor.  쥐구멍에라도 들어가고 싶었어.

1. She looks so cute when she blushes.
2. He is so infatuated with you.
3. She has a severe case of pinkeye.
4. I'm just happy with momentary joy.

6/18 Campground Etiquette

Talk about campground etiquette.

Previously on our show, we talked about a great way to get away from it all.
* previously: 이전에, 예전에
* get away from it all: 모든 것을 떠나 잠시 쉬다

The best time to enjoy the beautiful outdoors in Korea is in June; not too hot, not too cold.
* not too~, not too... 너무 ~않고, 너무 ...않은
ex> These jeans are not too tight, not too loose.

Your camping experience can be a total nightmare.
* nightmare: 악몽, 끔찍한 일
ex> My blind date was a total nightmare.

Be considerate when you turn up at the campground and put up your tent.
* turn up: 도착하다, 나타나다
ex> He was supposed to meet me here but he never turned up.
* campground: 야영장
* put up: ~을 올리다, (텐트를) 치다

Keep noise to a minimum especially at night.
* keep something to a minimum: ~을 최소한으로 유지하다
ex> We need to keep our mistakes to a minimum.

Last but not least, treat other campers the way you want to be treated.
* last but not least: 마지막으로 그러나 역시 중요한 것은
ex> Last but not least, I want to thank my dad for everything.


@ It's easier said than done.  행동보다는 말이 쉽지.

1. Previously, I scored perfect on the TOEIC test.
2. This wine is not too sweet, not too dry.
3. My ex-girlfriend was a complete nightmare.
4. Please keep your conversation to a minimum.

6/17 Desertification

Talk about desertification

Desertification is when land degrades to the point where it becomes so dry that it can't sustain life. 

* desertification: 사막화
* degrade: 저하되다, 악화되다
* to the point: ~의 단계까지, 상황까지
ex> The child is crying to the point that my ears are numb.

Desertification is driven by many causes.
* be driven by: ~에 의해 일어나다, 하게 되다
ex> She is driven by her love for her family.

* drought: 가뭄
* overgrazing: 과도한 방목
* deforestation: 산림 벌채

The current environmental crisis has compounded the problem.
* compound: 악화시키다, 혼합하다
ex> She's compounded the problem by spreading rumors.

Land roughly the size of Korea is rendered barren annually.
* roughly: 대략, 어림잡아
* render: ~되게 하다, ~을 만들다
* barren: 척박한, 황폐한

Korea is a leader in efforts to combat global desertification.
* efforts to: ~하기 위한 노력
ex> Our country is leading the efforts to erase gender discrimination.

It is sharing its rehabilitation technology to successfully restore soil to fertile levels.
* rehabilitation [rì:həbìlətéiʃən]: 복구, 복원, 재활 = rehab [^|ri:hӕb]
* restore: 회복시키다, 복원하다
ex> We need to restore the patient back to health.
* fertile [^|f3:rtl]: 비옥한, 기름진


@ What a shame.  정말 안타깝다.

1. There have been great efforts to raise the prestige of the university.
2. His outbursts are driving me to the point of insanity!
3. I'm driven by romance and excitement!
4. How are we going to restore power to the building?

6/14 Potholes

What are potholes?

Have you ever run over a pothole?

It’s not a pleasant experience.

You can be driving along smoothly one minute, and the next your car is jolted up and down.

A pothole is a crack in the surface of the road.

They’re usually caused by daily wear and tear.

The more traffic on the road, the easier it is for material to break from the pavement.

Potholes usually don’t cause a lot of damage to your car.

And the government is pretty good about taking care of them.

But once in a while you can run into a big one.

If you suspect that your car has sustained damage, get it checked out.

run over (차로) ~을 치다, 밟고 지나가다

ex> Be careful not to run over pedestrians.

pothole 포트홀, 깊이 팬 구멍

one minute, and the next ~하다가 순식간에 …하다

ex> I was walking down the street one minute, and the next I fell on my face!

jolt 흔들다, 덜컹거리게 하다

crack 깨진 틈, 작은 틈새

wear and tear 마모, 손상, 닳아 해짐

ex> Your car has been through a lot of wear and tear.

ex> Make sure to take care of any wear and tear to your bike.

the more ~, the easier it is … 더 ~할수록 …가 더 쉬워지다

ex> The less you eat, the easier it is to lose weight.

pavement 포장 도로, 인도

be pretty good about ~을 꽤 잘하다

ex> She’s pretty good about remembering birthdays.

once in a while 때로는, 가끔

run into ~와 마주치다, 만나다

sustain (피해를) 입다, 당하다

get it checked out 검사를 해 보다

@ She has road rage. 운전할 때 분노를 표출하는구나.

1. You’re about to run over the flowers!

2. I was using the computer one minute, and the next I was asleep.

3. How much wear and tear does the used car have?

4. He’s pretty good about keeping the romance alive in our relationship.